Biochemistry

Liases. This class includes enzymes that catalyze reversible reactions of cleavage of various groups from substrates by a non-hydrolytic route. Cleavage proceeds via the C-C, C-N, C-0 bonds, etc. These enzymes include, for example, decarboxylases that cleave CO 2 from carboxylic acids. Isomerase. These enzymes catalyze various types of isomerization reactions. They also catalyze the processes of intramolecular transformations, which consist in the transfer of hydrogen, phosphate and acyl groups, a change in the spatial arrangement of atomic groups, the movement of double bonds, etc. For example, L-isomers turn into D-isomers, glucose - into fructose, etc. Ligase or synthetase. Enzymes of this class are involved in all synthesis reactions of various compounds. They accelerate the reactions of the formation of organic compounds, coupled with the decay of the energy sources necessary for the implementation of biochemical processes. One such natural energy donor is adenosine triphosphate (ЛТР). The energy released during the removal of phosphoric acid residues is used for biosynthesis processes. 3.7 CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL ENZYMES In the food industry, enzymes are used to produce products with desired properties. In this case, microbial enzymes produced by certain organisms can be used; enzymes isolated from certain organs, for example, from the liver, pancreas, stomach. More convenient and effective is the use of immobilized enzymes. Immobilized enzymes. The immobilization of enzymes is the inclusion of an object (enzyme) in an isolated phase, which is separable from the free solution phase, but is able to exchange molecules with it. Immobilized enzymes are obtained by binding soluble enzymes or cells with enzymatic activity to the carriers, i.e., the enzyme is sorbed on the carrier and the carrier gels are included in the structure. Immobilization brings the conditions of their functioning closer to the natural ones. The advantage of their use is that they can be removed from the reaction medium, i.e. control the course of the reaction and reuse it. The use of immobilized enzymes allows each process to be carried out continuously by passing solutions of substrates through reactors with immobilized enzymes. The reaction products are not contaminated with crystalline enzymes. Immobilized enzymes have a high catalytic activity, it can be changed by changing the binding method and type of carrier. Using immobilized enzymes, amino acids, aromatic acids, sugars, organic solvents, antibiotics are obtained, and sewage and water are treated. 95