Biochemistry

CONTENT Introduction .................................................... 3 Chapter 1. Biochemical characteristics of living organisms ............................... 7 1.1. Chemical composition of the human body ............................................... 7 1.2. Water role in the body .............................................................................. 20 1.3. Cell structure .............................................. 1 ..................................... 24 1.4. Metabolism role in the life of the body .................................................... 30 1.5. Importance of nutritional factors in supporting vital processes ............... 33 Chapter 2. Protein chemistry ................................................................... : ........... 37 2.1. The biological role of proteins ...................................... 37 2.2. Amino acids .............................................................................................. 39 2.3. The biological role of individual amino acids ......................................... 46 2.4. The structure and structural organization of the protein molecule .......... 50 2.5. Physico-chemical properties of proteins .................................................. 56 2.6. Classification and characterization of proteins ........................................ 63 2.7. Proteins biological value ......................................................................... 68 2.8. Proteins of food raw materials ................................................................. 69 2.9. Physiological role of peptides .................................................................. 73 Chapter 3. Enzymes .............................................................................................. 78 3.1. General concept of enzymes .................................................................... 78 3.2. Structure of enzymes ................................................................................ 80 3.3. Properties of enzymes .............................................................................. 83 3.4. General ideas about the mechanism of enzymes action .......................... 89 3.5. Regulation of enzymatic reactions ..................... 92 3.6. Nomenclature and classification of enzymes ........................................... 94 3.7. Characterization of individual enzymes ................................................... 95 Chapter 4. Energy processes in the body ........................................................... 102 4.1. Biological oxidation ............................................................................... 102 4.2. The role of redox enzymes in biological oxidation ............................... 105 4.3. Transport of electrons and protons during biological oxidation ............ 109 4.4. Oxidative phosphorylation .............................. ..................................... 111 Chapter 5. Chemistry of nucleic acids ............................................................... 116 309