Biochemistry

created for biochemical reactions that take place at a particular moment in a specific section of the cell. The structure of the cell allows us to distinguish between enzymatic processes that occur in its different parts, and makes it possible to simultaneously proceed a huge number of reactions. 1.4 ROLE OF EXCHANGE OF SUBSTANCES IN THE LIFE OF THE ORGANISM Metabolism is a combination of all chemical changes and all types of transformations of substances and energy, providing growth, development, vital activity of the organism as a whole. It goes continuously in all cells, tissues and body systems. Owing to metabolic processes, there is a perception of substances coming from the external environment, and their transformation into substances of the body itself, as well as providing it with energy. Through metabolism, water loss in the body (water metabolism) is restored, the need for minerals (mineral metabolism) is satisfied, the decomposition of organic substances necessary for synthetic processes is compensated, that is, new cells are formed, hormones, enzymes, digestive juices are synthesized, etc. .p. (plastic exchange). Metabolism consists of two opposite, parallel processes: catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism, or dissimilation, includes reactions associated with decay, oxidation of substances and excretion of decay products from the body. Anabolism, or assimilation, combines reactions associated with the synthesis of necessary substances, their assimilation and use for the growth, development and vital activity of the body. All assimilation processes are possible only if the body regularly receives nutrients, which are plastic material from which living tissue is synthesized. The value of nutrients is not limited to their use as a building material, they play an important role as a source of energy. A human moves, engages in physical and mental labor, rests - all his life activity is accompanied by energy costs. Even if he is completely at rest, then his constantly working organs - the heart, lungs, and circulatory system - consume a certain amount of energy. Therefore, to maintain life, a continuous supply of nutrients is necessary. When they are split, the energy that the body uses is formed. Chemical reactions that provide the cell with energy occur on the mitochondria. Each cell contains several hundred of them. The energy release is associated with two continuously occurring processes: oxidation, i.e. the formation of smaller molecules (lactic and acetic acids, carbon dioxide, ammonia, urea), and the synthesis of ATP, which is the end result of the intracellular process of energy conversion. ATP provides energy to all vital 30