Biochemistry

a free state in the cytoplasmic matrix. Ribosomes perform an essential function - they participate in the process of protein synthesis. Golgi apparatus is represented by thin flat bags. It plays a dual role: it participates in the synthesis of carbohydrate components of glycoproteins and carries out the removal of ready-made molecules from the cell. Mitochondria (from the Greek mitos - a thread, chondrion - a grain, a grain) are large organelles of the cell, in shape resembling a bean grain. Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes formed by proteins and lipids of various nature. The inner membrane has many inward protrusions - cristae, which are more numerous, the higher the respiratory activity of the cell. The inner space of the mitochondria fills with a fine-grained viscous substance. Mitochondria are highly specialized particles: it is in them that the precesses of respiration and oxidation of various substances occur - biological oxidation. Their main function is to extract the energy enclosed in organic substances and accumulate it in the phosphate bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is necessary for the implementation of various vital processes. Mitochondria are called “ power substations ” of cells (Fig. 1.3). One more feature of mitochondria should be noted. DNA is found in their matrix. In addition, there are ribosomes and a number of other substances necessary for the synthesis of membrane proteins, the bulk of which are enzymes involved in the formation of ATP. Figure 1.3 - Section of mitochondria 1- inner membrane; 2 - outer membrane; 3- crista; 4 - matrix 27