Biochemistry

1) photochemical cleavage of H 2 O under the influence of light on oxygen and hydrogen; 2) hydrogen transport through a series of transporters to NADP and ATP synthesis; 3) fixation of carbon monoxide at the receptor and its reduction with hydrogen with the formation of hexoses and their derivatives. In these reactions, chlorophyll is an electron donor , and iron-containing protein ferrodoxin, cytochromes , flavoproteins play the role of electron and proton carriers. Thanks to light energy, ATP synthesis occurs simultaneously with the restoration of NADP by hydrogen in water, then - carbohydrate synthesis by fixing CO 2 using reducing coenzymes and ATP. The total reaction of photosynthesis can be expressed by the following equation: Light, chlorophyll 6H 2 О + 6CO 2 ------------- ► СбН 12 О 6 + 60 2 Photosynthesis is the only source of molecular oxygen on our planet. The products of photosynthetic organisms are then used by aerobic non-photosynthetic organisms, which extract the chemical energy of reduced carbon, which is part of the organic compounds formed during photosynthesis, oxidizing them again to C0 2 . 7.3 USE OF CARBOHYDRATES IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY Carbohydrates are an important substrate for the processing of plant materials and food products, microbiological syntheses. So, D- glucose (grape sugar, dextrose) is fermented with brewer, baker's and wine yeast. In free form, glucose is found in berries and fruits. This raw material and the juices obtained from it are used at the enterprises of the wine-making and distillery industries as a source of fermentable sugar. In bound form, glucose is present in starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, dextrins, sucrose, maltose, raffinose, etc. Fermentation of these substrates requires their preliminary hydrolysis with glucose cleavage. D- fructose (fruit, fruit sugar, levulose) is included with glucose in bee honey, fruits, fruits and the juices and wines obtained from them. It is used as a fermentation substrate in the preparation of fruit wines. As part of sucrose, it is contained in the beet and cane sugar mellas, which are their main raw material during enzymatic reactions on an industrial scale. 155